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m (→‎Xen: -- Since Fedora 16, Xen Dom0 support is in mainline Linux)
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== Using virtualization on fedora ==
{{autolang|base=yes}}


Fedora provides virtualization with both the KVM and the Xen virtualization platforms. For information on other virtualization platforms, refer to http://virt.kernelnewbies.org/TechComparison.
This page deals with using Fedora to host virtual guests. For information on using Fedora as a virtual guest, see [http://os-blog.com/installing-a-fedora-virtual-machine/ Installing a Fedora Virtual Machine]. For information the different virtualization technologies available in Fedora, see the [[Tools/Virtualization |dedicated page]].


Xen supports para-virtualized guests as well as fully virtualized guests with para-virtualized drivers. Para-virtualization is faster than full virtualization but does not work with non-Linux operating systems or Linux operating system without the Xen kernel extensions. Xen fully virtualized are slower than KVM fully virtualized guests.


KVM offers fast full virtualization, which requires the virtualization instructions sets on your processor. KVM requires an x86 intel or AMD processors with virtualization extensions enabled. Without these extensions KVM uses QEMU software virtualization.
== Using virtualization on Fedora ==


Other virtualization products and packages are available but are not covered by this guide.
Fedora uses the libvirt family of tools as its virtualization solution. By default libvirt on Fedora will use Qemu to run guest instances.  


For information on Xen, refer to http://wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/ and the Fedora [[Tools/Xen|  Xen]] pages.
For information on other virtualization platforms, refer to http://virt.kernelnewbies.org/TechComparison.


For information on KVM, refer to http://kvm.qumranet.com/kvmwiki.
Qemu can emulate a host machine in software, or given a CPU with hardware support (see below) can use [http://www.linux-kvm.org KVM] to provide a fast full virtualization.  


Fedora uses Xen version 3.0.x. Xen 3.0.0 was released in December of 2005 and is incompatible with guests created using Xen 2.0.x versions.
Other virtualization products and packages are available but are not covered by this guide.


== Installing and configuring fedora for virtualized guests ==
== Installing and configuring Fedora For virtualized guests ==


This section covers setting up Xen, KVM or both on your system. After the successful completion of this section you will be able to create virtualized guest operating systems.
This section covers setting up libvirt on your system. After the successful completion of this section you will be able to create virtualized guest operating systems.


=== System requirements ===
=== System requirements ===


The common system requirements for virtualization on fedora are:
The common system requirements for virtualization on Fedora are:
* At least 600MB of hard disk storage per guest. A minimal command-line fedora system requires 600MB of storage. Standard fedora desktop guests require at least 3GB of space.
* At least 600MB of hard disk storage per guest. A minimal command-line fedora system requires 600MB of storage. Standard fedora desktop guests require at least 3GB of space.
* At least 256 megs of RAM per guest plus 256 for the base OS. At least 756MB is recommended for each guest of a modern operating system. A good rule of thumb is to think about how much memory is required for the operating system normally and allocate that much to the virtualized guest.
* At least 256MB of RAM per guest plus 256 for the base OS. At least 756MB is recommended for each guest of a modern operating system. A good rule of thumb is to think about how much memory is required for the operating system normally and allocate that much to the virtualized guest.
* Xen host or Domain-0 support requires Fedora 8. Support will return once [[Features/XenPvopsDom0|parvirt_ops]] features are implemented in the upstream kernel.


==== Additional requirements for para-virtualized guests ====
KVM requires a CPU with virtualization extensions, found on most consumer CPUs made in the past couple years. These extensions are called Intel VT or AMD-V. To check whether you have proper CPU support, run the command:


* Xen. KVM does not support para-virtualization at this time. The kernel-xen package is required with versions of Fedora older than 10.
<pre>$ egrep '^flags.*(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo </pre>
* Any x86-64 or Intel Itanium CPU or any x86 CPU with the PAE extensions. Many older laptops (particularly those based on Pentium Mobile / Centrino) do not have PAE support. To determine if a CPU has PAE extensions, execute:


<pre>
If NOTHING is printed, your system does not support the relevant extensions. You can still use the QEMU/KVM, but the emulator will fall back to software virtualization, which is FAR FAR slower.
$ grep pae /proc/cpuinfo
flags          : fpu tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic mtrr mca cmov pat pse36 mmx fxsr sse syscall mmxext 3dnowext 3dnow up ts
</pre>
 
The above output shows a CPU with the PAE extensions. If the command returns nothing, then the CPU does not support para-virtualization.
 
==== Additional requirements for fully virtualized guests ====
 
Full virtualization with Xen or KVM requires a CPU with virtualization extensions, that is, the Intel VT or AMD-V extensions.
 
Verify whether your Intel CPU has Intel VT support (the 'vmx' flag):
<pre>$ grep vmx /proc/cpuinfo
flags          : fpu tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic mtrr mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm syscall nx lm constant_tsc pni monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 cx16 xtpr lahf_lm</pre>
On some Intel based systems(usually laptops) the Intel VT extensions are disabled in BIOS. Enter BIOS and enable Intel-VT or Vanderpool Technology which is usually located in the CPU options or Chipset menus.
 
Verify whether your AMD CPU has AMD-V support (the 'svm' flag):
<pre>$ grep svm /proc/cpuinfo
flags          : fpu tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic mtrr mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt rdtscp lm 3dnowext 3dnow pni cx16 lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm cr8_legacy
</pre>
 
Via Nano processors use the 'vmx' instruction set.
 
You can use QEMU software emulation for full virtualization. Software virtualization is far slower than virtualization using the Intel VT or AMD-V extensions. QEMU can also virtualize other processor architectures like ARM or PowerPC.


=== Installing the virtualization packages ===
=== Installing the virtualization packages ===


When installing fedora, the virtualization packages can be installed by selecting '''Virtualization''' in the Base Group in the installer.
When installing Fedora, the virtualization packages can be installed by selecting '''Virtualization''' in the Base Group in the installer.


For existing fedora installations, the Xen kernel, KVM, and other virtualization tools can be installed by running the following command:
For existing Fedora installations, QEMU, KVM, and other virtualization tools can be installed by running the following command which installs the virtualization group:
<pre>
<pre>
su -c "yum groupinstall 'Virtualization'"
su -c "yum install @virtualization"
</pre>
</pre>


This will install <code>kvm</code>, <code>python-virtinst</code>, <code>qemu</code>, <code>virt-manager</code>, <code>virt-viewer</code> and all dependencies are needed. Optional packages in this group are <code>xen</code>, <code>gnome-applet-vm</code> and <code>virt-top</code>.
This will install <code>qemu-kvm</code>, <code>python-virtinst</code>, <code>qemu</code>, <code>virt-manager</code>, <code>virt-viewer</code> and all dependencies are needed.


=== Introduction to virtualization with fedora ===
su -c "systemctl start libvirtd"


Fedora supports multiple virtualization platforms. Different platforms require slightly different methods.
Verify that the kvm kernel modules were properly loaded:
 
When using KVM, to display all domains on the local system the command is <code>virsh -c qemu:///system list</code>.
When using Xen, the same command is <code>virsh -c xen:///system list</code>.
Be aware of this subtle variation.
 
To verify that virtualization is enabled on the system, run the following command, where <URI> is a valid URI that <code>libvirt</code> can recognize. For more details on URIs: see http://libvirt.org/uri.html.


<pre>
<pre>
$ su -c "virsh -c <URI> list"
$ lsmod | grep kvm
Name                              ID Mem(MiB) VCPUs State Time(s)
kvm_amd                55563 0
Domain-0                          0      610    1 r----- 12492.1
kvm                  419458  1 kvm_amd
</pre>
</pre>


The above output indicates that there is an active hypervisor. If virtualization is not enabled an error similar to the following appears:
If that command did not list kvm_intel or kvm_amd, KVM is not properly configured. See [[How_to_debug_Virtualization_problems#Ensuring_system_is_KVM_capable| Ensuring system is KVM capable]] for troubleshooting tips.
 
<pre>
$ su -c "virsh -c <URI> list"
libvir: error : operation failed: xenProxyOpen
error: failed to connect to the hypervisor
error: no valid connection
</pre>


If the above error appears, make sure that:
=== Networking Support ===
* For Xen, ensure <code>xend</code> is running.
* For KVM, ensure <code>libvirtd</code> is running.
* For either, ensure the URI is properly specified (see http://libvirt.org/uri.html for details).


By default libvirt will create a private network for your guests on the host machine. This private network will use a 192.168.x.x subnet and not be reachable directly from the network the host machine is on, but virtual guests can use the host machine as a gateway and can connect out via it. If you need to provide services on your guests that are reachable via other machines on your host network you can use iptables DNAT rules to forward in specific ports, or you can setup a Bridged env.


{{Admon/note | Note that for the default setup, networking for the guest OS (DomU) is bridged. This means that DomU gets an IP address on the same network as Dom0. If a DHCP server provides addresses, it needs to be configured to give addresses to the guests. Another networking type can be selected by editing <code>/etc/xen/xend-config.sxp</code>}}
See the [http://wiki.libvirt.org/page/Networking libvirt networking setup page] for more information on how to setup a Bridged network.  


=== Creating a fedora guest ===
=== Creating a Fedora guest ===


The installation of Fedora guests using anaconda is supported. The installation can be started on the command line via the <code>virt-install</code> program or in the GUI program <code>virt-manager</code>. You will be prompted for the type of virtualization (that is, KVM or Xen and para-virtualization or full virtualization) used during the guest creation process.
The installation of Fedora guests using anaconda is supported. The installation can be started on the command line via the <code>virt-install</code> program or in the GUI program <code>virt-manager</code>.  


==== Creating a fedora guest with virt-install ====
==== Creating a guest with virt-install ====


<code>virt-install</code> is a command line based tool for creating virtualized guests. To start the interactive install process, run the <code>virt-install</code> command:
<code>virt-install</code> is a command line based tool for creating virtualized guests. To start the interactive install process, run the <code>virt-install</code> command with the --prompt parameter.


<pre>
<pre>
su -c "/usr/sbin/virt-install"
su -c "/usr/bin/virt-install --prompt"
</pre>
</pre>


Line 116: Line 75:
# What is the name of your virtual machine? This is the label that will identify the guest OS. This label is used with <code>virsh</code> commands and <code>virt-manager</code>(Virtual Machine Manager).
# What is the name of your virtual machine? This is the label that will identify the guest OS. This label is used with <code>virsh</code> commands and <code>virt-manager</code>(Virtual Machine Manager).
# How much RAM should be allocated (in megabytes)? This is the amount of RAM to be allocated for the guest instance in megabytes (eg, 256). Note that installation with less than 256 megabytes is not recommended.
# How much RAM should be allocated (in megabytes)? This is the amount of RAM to be allocated for the guest instance in megabytes (eg, 256). Note that installation with less than 256 megabytes is not recommended.
# What would you like to use as the disk (path)? The local path and file name of the file to serve as the disk image for the guest (eg, /home/joe/xenbox1). This will be exported as a full disk to your guest.
# What would you like to use as the disk (path)? The local path and file name of the file to serve as the disk image for the guest (eg, /var/lib/libvirt/images/name.img). This will be exported as a full disk to your guest. It's best to specify the default /var/lib/libvirt/images/ directory.  
# How large would you like the disk to be (in gigabytes)? The size of the virtual disk for the guest (only appears if the file specified above does not already exist). 4.0 gigabytes is a reasonable size for a "default" install
# How large would you like the disk to be (in gigabytes)? The size of the virtual disk for the guest (only appears if the file specified above does not already exist). 4.0 gigabytes is a reasonable size for a "default" install
# Would you like to enable graphics support (yes or no): Should the graphical installer be used?
# What is the install CD-ROM/ISO or URL?  This is the path to a Fedora installation tree in the format used by anaconda.  NFS, FTP, and HTTP locations are all supported.  Examples include:
# What is the install location?  This is the path to a Fedora installation tree in the format used by anaconda.  NFS, FTP, and HTTP locations are all supported.  Examples include:
#* <code>nfs:my.nfs.server.com:/path/to/test2/tree/</code>
#* <code>nfs:my.nfs.server.com:/path/to/test2/tree/</code>
#* <code>http://my.http.server.com/path/to/tree/</code>
#* <code><nowiki>http://my.http.server.com/path/to/tree/</nowiki></code>
#* <code>ftp://my.ftp.server.com/path/to/tree</code>
#* <code><nowiki>ftp://my.ftp.server.com/path/to/tree</nowiki></code>
 
 


These options can be passed as command line options, execute <code>virt-install --help</code> for details.
These options can be passed as command line options, execute <code>virt-install --help</code> for details.
Line 131: Line 91:
If graphics were enabled, a VNC window will open and present the graphical installer. If graphics were not enabled, a text installer will appear. Proceed with the fedora installation.
If graphics were enabled, a VNC window will open and present the graphical installer. If graphics were not enabled, a text installer will appear. Proceed with the fedora installation.


==== Creating a fedora guest with virt-manager ====
==== Creating a guest with virt-manager ====


Start the GUI Virtual Machine Manager by selecting it from the "Applications-->System Tools" menu, or by running the following command:
Start the GUI Virtual Machine Manager by selecting it from the "Applications-->System Tools" menu, or by running the following command:
Line 138: Line 98:
</pre>
</pre>


Enter the <code>root</code> password when prompted.
If you encounter an error along the lines of "Failed to contact configuration server; some possible causes are that you need to enable TCP/IP networking for ORBit, or you have stale NFS locks due to a system crash", trying running <code>virt-manager</code> not as root (without the <code>su -c</code>).  The GUI will prompt for the root password.
 


# Open a connection to a hypervisor by choosing File-->Open connection...
# Open a connection to a hypervisor by choosing File-->Add connection...
# Choose "qemu" for KVM, or "Xen" for Xen.
# Choose "qemu" for KVM, or "Xen" for Xen.
# Choose "local" or select a method to connect to a remote hypervisor
# Choose "local" or select a method to connect to a remote hypervisor
Line 150: Line 111:


The following remote management options are available:
The following remote management options are available:
* Create SSH keys for root, and use <code>ssh-agent</code> and <code>ssh-add</code> before launching <code>virt-manager</code>.
* (easiest) If using non-root users via SSH, then setup instructions are at: http://wiki.libvirt.org/page/SSHSetup
* Set up a local certificate authority and issue x509 certs to all servers and clients. For information on configuring this option, refer to http://libvirt.org/remote.html.
* If using root for access via SSH, then create SSH keys for root, and use <code>ssh-agent</code> and <code>ssh-add</code> before launching <code>virt-manager</code>.
* To use TLS, set up a local certificate authority and issue x509 certs to all servers and clients. For information on configuring this option, refer to http://wiki.libvirt.org/page/TLSSetup.


=== Guest system administration ===
=== Guest system administration ===
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{1} If you are not root, you will be prompted to enter the root password. Choose<code>Run unprivileged</code> to operate in a read-only non-root mode.
{1} If you are not root, you will be prompted to enter the root password. Choose<code>Run unprivileged</code> to operate in a read-only non-root mode.


* Choose "Local Xen Host" and click "Connect" in the "Open Connection" dialog window.
* Choose the host you wish to manage and click "Connect" in the "Open Connection" dialog window.
* The list of virtual machines is displayed in the main window. The first machine is called "Domain 0"; this is the host computer.
* The list of virtual machines is displayed in the main window. Guests that are running will display a ">" icon. Guests that are not running will be greyed out.
* If a machine is not listed, it is probably not running. To start up a machine select "File-->Restore a saved machine..." and select the file that serves as the guest's disk.
* To manage a particular guest, double click on it, or right click and select "Open".
* The display lists the status, CPU and memory usage for each machine. Additional statistics can be selected under the "View" menu.
* A new window for the guest will open that will allow you to use its console, see information about its virtual hardware and start/stop/pause it.
* Double click the name of a machine to open the virtual console.
* From the virtual console, select "View-->Details" to access the machine's properties and change its hardware configuration
* To access the serial console (if there is a problem with the graphical console) select "View-->Serial Console"


For further information about <code>virt-manager</code> consult the [http://virt-manager.et.redhat.com/ project website]  
For further information about <code>virt-manager</code> consult the [http://virt-manager.et.redhat.com/ project website]  
Line 180: Line 139:
==== Managing guests with virsh ====
==== Managing guests with virsh ====


The <code>virsh</code> command is a safe alternative to the <code>xm</code> command. <code>virsh</code> provides error checking and many other useful features over the <code>xm</code> command.
The <code>virsh</code> command line utility that allows you to manage virtual machines.
Guests can be managed on the command line with the <code>virsh</code> utility. The <code>virsh</code> utility is built around the libvirt management API and has a number of advantages over the traditional Xen <code>xm</code> tool:
Guests can be managed on the command line with the <code>virsh</code> utility. The <code>virsh</code> utility is built around the libvirt management APIl:


* <code>virsh</code> has a stable set of commands whose syntax and semantics are preserved across updates to the underlying virtualization platform.
* <code>virsh</code> has a stable set of commands whose syntax and semantics are preserved across updates to the underlying virtualization platform.
* <code>virsh</code> can be used as an unprivileged user for read-only operations (e.g. listing domains, listing domain statistics).
* <code>virsh</code> can be used as an unprivileged user for read-only operations (e.g. listing domains, listing domain statistics).
* <code>virsh</code> can manage domains running under Xen or KVM with no perceptible difference to the user
* <code>virsh</code> can manage domains running under Xen, Qemu/KVM, esx or other backends with no perceptible difference to the user


 
{{Admon/note | A valid URI may be passed to <code>virsh</code> with "-c' to connect to a remote libvirtd instance. For details, see http://libvirt.org/uri.html}}
{{Admon/note | A valid URI must be passed to <code>virsh</code>. For details, see http://libvirt.org/uri.html}}


To start a virtual machine:
To start a virtual machine:


<pre>
<pre>
su -c "virsh -c <URI> create <name of virtual machine>"
su -c "virsh create <name of virtual machine>"
</pre>
</pre>


Line 199: Line 157:


<pre>
<pre>
su -c "virsh -c <URI> list"
su -c "virsh list"
</pre>
 
To list all virtual machines, running or not:
 
<pre>
su -c "virsh list --all"
</pre>
</pre>


To gracefully power off a guest:
To gracefully power off a guest:
<pre>
<pre>
su -c "virsh -c <URI> shutdown <virtual machine (name | id | uuid)>"
su -c "virsh shutdown <virtual machine (name | id | uuid)>"
</pre>
 
To non gracefully power off a guest:
<pre>
su -c "virsh destroy <virtual machine (name | id | uuid)>"
</pre>
</pre>


To save a snapshot of the machine to a file:
To save a snapshot of the machine to a file:
<pre>
<pre>
su -c "virsh -c <URI> save <virtual machine (name | id | uuid)> <filename>"
su -c "virsh save <virtual machine (name | id | uuid)> <filename>"
</pre>
</pre>


To restore a previously saved snapshot:
To restore a previously saved snapshot:
<pre>
<pre>
su -c "virsh -c <URI> restore <filename>"
su -c "virsh restore <filename>"
</pre>
</pre>


To export the configuration file of a virtual machine:
To export the configuration file of a virtual machine:
<pre>
<pre>
su -c "virsh -c <URI> dumpxml <virtual machine (name | id | uuid)"
su -c "virsh dumpxml <virtual machine (name | id | uuid)"
</pre>
</pre>


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Bugs in the <code>virsh</code> tool should be reported in [http://bugzilla.redhat.com BugZilla]  against the 'libvirt' component.
Bugs in the <code>virsh</code> tool should be reported in [http://bugzilla.redhat.com BugZilla]  against the 'libvirt' component.


==== Managing guests with qemu-kvm ====
== Other virtualization options ==
 
KVM virtual machines can also be managed in the command line using the 'qemu-kvm' command. See <code>man qemu-kvm</code> for more details.
 
== Troubleshooting virtualization ==
 
=== SELinux ===
 
The SELinux policy in Fedora has the neccessary rules to allow use of Xen with SELinux enabled. The main caveat to be aware of is that any file backed disk images need to be in a special directory - /var/lib/xen/images.  This applies both to regular disk images, and ISO images.  Block device backed disks are already labelled correctly to allow them to pass SELinux checks.
 
=== Log files ===
 
There are two log files stored on the host system to assist with debugging Xen related problems. The file <code>/var/log/xen/xend.log</code> holds the same information reported with '<code>xm log</code>. Unfortunately these log messages are often very short and contain little useful information. The following is the output of trying to create a domain running the kernel for NetBSD/xen.
 
<pre>
[2005-06-27 02:23:02 xend]  ERROR (SrvBase:163) op=create: Error creating domain:(0, 'Error')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/xen/xend/server/SrvBase.py", line 107, in _perform
val = op_method(op, req)
File "/usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/xen/xend/server/SrvDomainDir.py", line 71, in op_create
raise XendError("Error creating domain: " + str(ex))
XendError: Error creating domain: (0, 'Error')
</pre>
 
The second file, <code>/var/log/xen/xend-debug.log</code> usually contains much more detailed information. Trying to start the NetBSD/xen kernel will result in the following log output:
 
<pre>
ERROR: Will only load images built for Xen v3.0
ERROR: Actually saw: 'GUEST_OS=netbsd,GUEST_VER=2.0,XEN_VER=2.0,LOADER=generic,BSD_SYMTAB'
ERROR: Error constructing guest OS
</pre>
 
When reporting errors, always include the output from both <code>/var/log/xen/xend.log</code> and <code>/var/log/xen/xend-debug.log</code>.
 
If starting a fully-virtualized domains (ie to run unmodified OS) there are also logs in /var/log/xen/qemu-dm*.log which can contain useful information.
 
Finally, hypervisor logs can be seen by running the command
 
<pre>
xm dmesg
</pre>
 
=== Serial console access for troubleshooting and management ===
Serial console access is useful for debugging kernel crashes and remote management can be very helpful. Accessing the serial consoles  of xen kernels or virtualized guests is slightly different to the normal procedure.
 
==== Host serial console access ====
 
If the Xen kernel itself has died and the hypervisor has generated an error, there is no way to record the error persistently on the local host.  Serial console lets you capture it on a remote host.
 
The Xen host must be setup for serial console output, and a remote host must exist to capture it.  For the console output, set the appropriate options in /etc/grub.conf:
 
<pre>
title Fedora
    root (hd0,1)
    kernel /vmlinuz-current.running.version com1=38400,8n1 sync_console
    module /vmlinuz-current.running.version ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet console=ttyS0 console=tty pnpacpi=off
    module /initrd-current.running.version
</pre>
 
for a 38400-bps serial console on com1 (ie. /dev/ttyS0 on Linux.)  The "sync_console" works around a problem that can cause hangs with asynchronous hypervisor console output, and the "pnpacpi=off" works around a problem that breaks input on serial console.  "console=ttyS0 console=tty" means that kernel errors get logged both on the normal VGA console and on serial console.  Once that is done, install and set up <code>ttywatch</code> to capture the information on a remote host connected by a standard null-modem cable. For example, on the remote host:
 
<pre>
su -c "ttywatch --name myhost  --port /dev/ttyS0"
</pre>
 
Will log output from /dev/ttyS0 into a file /var/log/ttywatch/myhost.log
 
==== Para-virtualized guest serial console access ====
 
Para-virtualized guest OS will automatically have a serial console configured, and plumbed through to the Domain-0 OS. This can be accessed from the command line using
 
<pre>
su -c "virsh console &lt;domain name&gt;"
</pre>
 
Alternatively, the graphical <code>virt-manager</code> program can display the serial console. Simply display the 'console' or 'details' window for the guest and select 'View -> Serial console' from the menu bar.
 
==== Fully virtualized guest serial console access ====
 
Fully-virtualized guest OS will automatically have a serial console configured, but the guest kernel will not be configured to use this out of the box. To enable the guest console in a Linux fully-virt guest, edit the /etc/grub.conf in the guest and add 'console=ttyS0 console=tty0'. This ensures that all kernel messages get sent to the serial console, and the regular graphical console. The serial console can then be access in same way as paravirt guests:
 
<pre>
su -c "virsh console &lt;domain name&gt;"
</pre>
 
Alternatively, the graphical <code>virt-manager</code> program can display the serial console. Simply display the 'console' or 'details' window for the guest & select 'View -> Serial console' from the menu bar.
 
=== Accessing data on guest disk images ===
 
There are two tools which can help greatly in accessing data within a guest disk image: ''lomount'' and ''kpartx''.
 
{{Admon/caution | Remember never to do this while the guest is up and running, as it could corrupt the filesystem}}
 
* '''lomount'''
 
<pre>
su -c "lomount -t ext3 -diskimage /xen/images/fc5-file.img -partition 1 /mnt/boot"
</pre>
 
lomount only works with small disk images and cannot deal with LVM volumes, so for more complex cases, kpartx (from the ''device-mapper-multipath'' RPM) is preferred:
 
* '''kpartx'''
 
<pre>
su -c "yum install device-mapper-multipath"
su -c "kpartx -av /dev/xen/guest1"
add map guest1p1 : 0 208782 linear /dev/xen/guest1 63
add map guest1p2 : 0 16563015 linear /dev/xen/guest1 208845
</pre>
 
Note that this only works for block devices, not for images installed on regular files.  To use file images, set up a loopback device for the file first:
 
<pre>
su -c "losetup -f"
/dev/loop0
su -c "losetup /dev/loop0 /xen/images/fc5-file.img"
su -c "kpartx -av /dev/loop0"
add map loop0p1 : 0 208782 linear /dev/loop0 63
add map loop0p2 : 0 12370050 linear /dev/loop0 208845
</pre>
 
In this case we have added an image formatted as a default Fedora install, so it has two partitions: one /boot, and one LVM volume containing everything else.  They are accessible under /dev/mapper:
 
<pre>
su -c "ls -l /dev/mapper/ | grep guest1"
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253,  6 Jun  6 10:32 xen-guest1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 14 Jun  6 11:13 guest1p1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 15 Jun  6 11:13 guest1p2
su -c "mount /dev/mapper/guest1p1 /mnt/boot/"
</pre>
 
To access LVM volumes on the second partition, rescan LVM with <code>vgscan</code> and activate the volume group on that partition (named "VolGroup00" by default) with <code>vgchange -ay</code>:
 
<pre>
su -c "kpartx -a /dev/xen/guest1"
su -c "vgscan"
Reading all physical volumes.  This may take a while...
Found volume group "VolGroup00" using metadata type lvm2
su -c "vgchange -ay VolGroup00"
2 logical volume(s) in volume group "VolGroup00" now active
su -c "lvs"
LV        VG        Attr  LSize  Origin Snap%  Move Log Copy%
LogVol00  VolGroup00 -wi-a-  5.06G
LogVol01  VolGroup00 -wi-a- 800.00M
su -c "mount /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 /mnt/"
...
su -c "umount /mnt"
su -c "vgchange -an VolGroup00"
su -c "kpartx -d /dev/xen/guest1"
</pre>
 
{{Admon/caution | Note: '''Always''' deactivate the logical volumes with "vgchange -an", remove the partitions with "kpartx -d", and (if appropriate) delete the loop device with "losetup -d" after performing the above steps. The default volume group name for a Fedora install is always the same, it is important to avoid activating two volume group of the same name at the same time.  LVM will cope as best it can, but it is not possible to distinguish between these two groups on the command line. In addition, if the volume group is active on the host and the guest at the same time, it can cause filesystem corruption.}}
 
=== Getting help ===
If the Troubleshooting section above does not help you to solve your problem, check the
list of existing [[Virtualization bugs|virtualization bugs]], and search the archives of the mailing lists in the resources section. If you believe your problem is a previously undiscovered bug, please [[Reporting_virtualization_bugs|report it]] to Bugzilla.
 
==== Resources ====
* General virtualization discussion including [http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page KVM] and [http://www.nongnu.org/qemu/ QEMU]
:  Fedora [http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-virt <code>fedora-virt</code>] mailing list


* [http://www.xen.org/ Xen] discussion
=== QEMU/KVM without Libvirt ===
: Fedora [http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-xen <code>fedora-xen</code>] mailing list
QEMU/KVM can be invoked directly without libvirt, however you won't be able to use tools such as virt-manager, virt-install, or virsh.
:  Xensource [http://lists.xensource.com/mailman/listinfo/xen-users <code>xen-users</code>] mailing list
Plain QEMU (without KVM) can also virtualize other processor architectures like ARM or PowerPC. See [[How to use qemu]]


* [http://www.virt-manager.org/ Virtual Machine Manager], <code>virt-inst</code> and related tools
=== Xen ===
: Red Hat [http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/et-mgmt-tools <code>et-mgmt-tools</code>] mailing list
Fedora can run as a Xen Guest OS and also be used as a Xen Host (with the latter being true from Fedora 16; for using an earlier version of Fedora as a Xen Host, check out the experimental repo available at http://myoung.fedorapeople.org/dom0)


* [http://www.libvirt.org Libvirt] discussion
=== OpenStack ===
: Red Hat [http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/libvir-list <code>libvir-list</code>] mailing list
[[OpenStack]] consists of a number services for running IaaS clouds. They are the Object Store (Swift), Compute (Nova) and Image (Glance) services. It is a [[Features/OpenStack |Fedora 16 feature]].


=== References ===
=== OpenNebula ===
[[Features/OpenNebula |OpenNebula]] is an Open Source Toolkit for Data Center Virtualization.


* http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-linux-kvm/?ca=dgr-lnxw07LinuxKVM
=== oVirt ===
* http://kerneltrap.org/node/8088
The [[Features/oVirt |oVirt project]] is an open virtualization project providing a feature-rich, end to end, server virtualization management system with advanced capabilities for hosts and guests, including high availability, live migration, storage management, system scheduler, and more.


Previous Fedora Virtualization Guides:


[[Docs/Fedora7VirtQuickStart|  Fedora7VirtQuickStart]]
== Troubleshooting, bug reporting, and known issues ==


[[Docs/Fedora8VirtQuickStart| Fedora8VirtQuickStart]]
For a list of known unresolved issues, as well as troubleshooting tips, please see [[How_to_debug_Virtualization_problems|How to debug virtualization problems]]


[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Documentation]]
[[Category:Virtualization]]
[[Category:Virtualization]]

Revision as of 10:44, 18 February 2013

This page deals with using Fedora to host virtual guests. For information on using Fedora as a virtual guest, see Installing a Fedora Virtual Machine. For information the different virtualization technologies available in Fedora, see the dedicated page.


Using virtualization on Fedora

Fedora uses the libvirt family of tools as its virtualization solution. By default libvirt on Fedora will use Qemu to run guest instances.

For information on other virtualization platforms, refer to http://virt.kernelnewbies.org/TechComparison.

Qemu can emulate a host machine in software, or given a CPU with hardware support (see below) can use KVM to provide a fast full virtualization.

Other virtualization products and packages are available but are not covered by this guide.

Installing and configuring Fedora For virtualized guests

This section covers setting up libvirt on your system. After the successful completion of this section you will be able to create virtualized guest operating systems.

System requirements

The common system requirements for virtualization on Fedora are:

  • At least 600MB of hard disk storage per guest. A minimal command-line fedora system requires 600MB of storage. Standard fedora desktop guests require at least 3GB of space.
  • At least 256MB of RAM per guest plus 256 for the base OS. At least 756MB is recommended for each guest of a modern operating system. A good rule of thumb is to think about how much memory is required for the operating system normally and allocate that much to the virtualized guest.

KVM requires a CPU with virtualization extensions, found on most consumer CPUs made in the past couple years. These extensions are called Intel VT or AMD-V. To check whether you have proper CPU support, run the command:

$ egrep '^flags.*(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo 

If NOTHING is printed, your system does not support the relevant extensions. You can still use the QEMU/KVM, but the emulator will fall back to software virtualization, which is FAR FAR slower.

Installing the virtualization packages

When installing Fedora, the virtualization packages can be installed by selecting Virtualization in the Base Group in the installer.

For existing Fedora installations, QEMU, KVM, and other virtualization tools can be installed by running the following command which installs the virtualization group:

su -c "yum install @virtualization"

This will install qemu-kvm, python-virtinst, qemu, virt-manager, virt-viewer and all dependencies are needed.

su -c "systemctl start libvirtd"

Verify that the kvm kernel modules were properly loaded:

$ lsmod | grep kvm
kvm_amd                55563  0 
kvm                   419458  1 kvm_amd

If that command did not list kvm_intel or kvm_amd, KVM is not properly configured. See Ensuring system is KVM capable for troubleshooting tips.

Networking Support

By default libvirt will create a private network for your guests on the host machine. This private network will use a 192.168.x.x subnet and not be reachable directly from the network the host machine is on, but virtual guests can use the host machine as a gateway and can connect out via it. If you need to provide services on your guests that are reachable via other machines on your host network you can use iptables DNAT rules to forward in specific ports, or you can setup a Bridged env.

See the libvirt networking setup page for more information on how to setup a Bridged network.

Creating a Fedora guest

The installation of Fedora guests using anaconda is supported. The installation can be started on the command line via the virt-install program or in the GUI program virt-manager.

Creating a guest with virt-install

virt-install is a command line based tool for creating virtualized guests. To start the interactive install process, run the virt-install command with the --prompt parameter.

su -c "/usr/bin/virt-install --prompt"

The following questions for the new guest will be presented.

  1. What is the name of your virtual machine? This is the label that will identify the guest OS. This label is used with virsh commands and virt-manager(Virtual Machine Manager).
  2. How much RAM should be allocated (in megabytes)? This is the amount of RAM to be allocated for the guest instance in megabytes (eg, 256). Note that installation with less than 256 megabytes is not recommended.
  3. What would you like to use as the disk (path)? The local path and file name of the file to serve as the disk image for the guest (eg, /var/lib/libvirt/images/name.img). This will be exported as a full disk to your guest. It's best to specify the default /var/lib/libvirt/images/ directory.
  4. How large would you like the disk to be (in gigabytes)? The size of the virtual disk for the guest (only appears if the file specified above does not already exist). 4.0 gigabytes is a reasonable size for a "default" install
  5. What is the install CD-ROM/ISO or URL? This is the path to a Fedora installation tree in the format used by anaconda. NFS, FTP, and HTTP locations are all supported. Examples include:
    • nfs:my.nfs.server.com:/path/to/test2/tree/
    • http://my.http.server.com/path/to/tree/
    • ftp://my.ftp.server.com/path/to/tree


These options can be passed as command line options, execute virt-install --help for details.

virt-install can use kickstart files, for example virt-install -x ks=kickstart-file-name.ks.

If graphics were enabled, a VNC window will open and present the graphical installer. If graphics were not enabled, a text installer will appear. Proceed with the fedora installation.

Creating a guest with virt-manager

Start the GUI Virtual Machine Manager by selecting it from the "Applications-->System Tools" menu, or by running the following command:

su -c "virt-manager"

If you encounter an error along the lines of "Failed to contact configuration server; some possible causes are that you need to enable TCP/IP networking for ORBit, or you have stale NFS locks due to a system crash", trying running virt-manager not as root (without the su -c). The GUI will prompt for the root password.


  1. Open a connection to a hypervisor by choosing File-->Add connection...
  2. Choose "qemu" for KVM, or "Xen" for Xen.
  3. Choose "local" or select a method to connect to a remote hypervisor
  4. After a connection is opened, click the new icon next to the hypervisor, or right click on the active hypervisor and select "New" (Note - the new icon is going to be improved to make it easier to see)
  5. A wizard will present the same questions as appear with the virt-install command-line utility (see descriptions above). The wizard assumes that a graphical installation is desired and does not prompt for this option.
  6. On the last page of the wizard there is a "Finish" button. When this is clicked, the guest OS is provisioned. After a few moments a VNC window should appear. Proceed with the installation as normal.

Remote management

The following remote management options are available:

  • (easiest) If using non-root users via SSH, then setup instructions are at: http://wiki.libvirt.org/page/SSHSetup
  • If using root for access via SSH, then create SSH keys for root, and use ssh-agent and ssh-add before launching virt-manager.
  • To use TLS, set up a local certificate authority and issue x509 certs to all servers and clients. For information on configuring this option, refer to http://wiki.libvirt.org/page/TLSSetup.

Guest system administration

When the installation of the guest operating system is complete, it can be managed using the GUI virt-manager program or on the command line using virsh.

Managing guests with virt-manager

Start the Virtual Machine Manager. Virtual Machine Manager is in the "Applications-->System Tools" menu, or execute:

su -c "virt-manager"

{1} If you are not root, you will be prompted to enter the root password. ChooseRun unprivileged to operate in a read-only non-root mode.

  • Choose the host you wish to manage and click "Connect" in the "Open Connection" dialog window.
  • The list of virtual machines is displayed in the main window. Guests that are running will display a ">" icon. Guests that are not running will be greyed out.
  • To manage a particular guest, double click on it, or right click and select "Open".
  • A new window for the guest will open that will allow you to use its console, see information about its virtual hardware and start/stop/pause it.

For further information about virt-manager consult the project website

Bugs in the virt-manager tool should be reported in BugZilla against the 'virt-manager' component

Managing guests with virsh

The virsh command line utility that allows you to manage virtual machines. Guests can be managed on the command line with the virsh utility. The virsh utility is built around the libvirt management APIl:

  • virsh has a stable set of commands whose syntax and semantics are preserved across updates to the underlying virtualization platform.
  • virsh can be used as an unprivileged user for read-only operations (e.g. listing domains, listing domain statistics).
  • virsh can manage domains running under Xen, Qemu/KVM, esx or other backends with no perceptible difference to the user
Note.png
A valid URI may be passed to virsh with "-c' to connect to a remote libvirtd instance. For details, see http://libvirt.org/uri.html

To start a virtual machine:

su -c "virsh create <name of virtual machine>"

To list the virtual machines currently running:

su -c "virsh list"

To list all virtual machines, running or not:

su -c "virsh list --all"

To gracefully power off a guest:

su -c "virsh shutdown <virtual machine (name | id | uuid)>"

To non gracefully power off a guest:

su -c "virsh destroy <virtual machine (name | id | uuid)>"

To save a snapshot of the machine to a file:

su -c "virsh save <virtual machine (name | id | uuid)> <filename>"

To restore a previously saved snapshot:

su -c "virsh restore <filename>"

To export the configuration file of a virtual machine:

su -c "virsh dumpxml <virtual machine (name | id | uuid)"

For a complete list of commands available for use with virsh:

su -c "virsh help"

Or consult the manual page: man 1 virsh

Bugs in the virsh tool should be reported in BugZilla against the 'libvirt' component.

Other virtualization options

QEMU/KVM without Libvirt

QEMU/KVM can be invoked directly without libvirt, however you won't be able to use tools such as virt-manager, virt-install, or virsh. Plain QEMU (without KVM) can also virtualize other processor architectures like ARM or PowerPC. See How to use qemu

Xen

Fedora can run as a Xen Guest OS and also be used as a Xen Host (with the latter being true from Fedora 16; for using an earlier version of Fedora as a Xen Host, check out the experimental repo available at http://myoung.fedorapeople.org/dom0)

OpenStack

OpenStack consists of a number services for running IaaS clouds. They are the Object Store (Swift), Compute (Nova) and Image (Glance) services. It is a Fedora 16 feature.

OpenNebula

OpenNebula is an Open Source Toolkit for Data Center Virtualization.

oVirt

The oVirt project is an open virtualization project providing a feature-rich, end to end, server virtualization management system with advanced capabilities for hosts and guests, including high availability, live migration, storage management, system scheduler, and more.


Troubleshooting, bug reporting, and known issues

For a list of known unresolved issues, as well as troubleshooting tips, please see How to debug virtualization problems